ABSTRACT
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. Cardiovascular diseases account for most of the NCD deaths, followed by cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Detection, screening, and treatment of NCDs are the key components of response to NCDs. Aim and Objective: The objective of this work is to study the association of body mass index (BMI), abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance with hypertension and those with both diabetes and hypertension. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was done among 30–70 years old people who came to Government Medical College, Kozhikode between August 2014 and July 2015. They were divided into two study groups and one control group. Complete history, physical, and laboratory examination was done among them and the data were entered in a pro format. Results: The mean ages in each group were 57.73, 58.5, and 48.71, respectively, in each group. The male: female ratio was 1.37:1, 1.06:1, and 1:1 in each group. BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were increased progressively in patients with hypertension and those with both hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Insulin resistance was highest in patients with both hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Obesity is an important contributor to the development of Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Among the parameters to measure obesity, WHtR is considered the supreme. Insulin resistance is found in hypertensives and those with diabetes and hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Microbiologically influenced corrosion is responsible for most of the internal corrosion problems in oil transportation pipelines and storage tanks. One problematic area in treating gas lines is the occurrence of the stratification of water in the line. Under these conditions, corrosion inhibitors do not come into contact properly and oil and inhibitors undergo degradation. The role of bacteria on oil degradation, the consequences of oil degradation in fuel systems and its influence on corrosion have been explained in detail. Besides, factors influencing on degradation of oil and corrosion inhibitors have also been discussed. Mechanism of microbiologically influenced corrosion in oil pipeline has been explained. Many of the misapplication of biocides/inhibitors occur mainly because the characteristics of biocides/inhibitors are not considered before use in pipeline industry. List of biocides and monitoring programme have been collected from literature and presented.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Corrosion , Disinfectants/chemistry , Extraction and Processing Industry , Fungi/drug effects , Industrial Microbiology , Petroleum/metabolismABSTRACT
Involvement of biofilm or microorganisms in corrosion processes is widely acknowledged. Although majority of the studies on microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) have concentrated on aerobic/anaerobic bacteria. There are numerous aerobic bacteria, which could hinder the corrosion process. The microbiologically produced exopolymers provide the structural frame work for the biofilm. These polymers combine with dissolved metal ions and form organometallic complexes. Generally heterotrophic bacteria contribute to three major processes: (i) synthesis of polymers (ii) accumulation of reserve materials like poly-beta-hydroxy butrate (iii) production of high molecular weight extracellular polysaccharides. Poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate is a polymer of D(-)beta-hydroxy butrate and has a molecular weight between 60,000 and 2,50,000. Some extracellular polymers also have higher molecular weights. It seems that higher molecular weight polymer acts as biocoating. In the present review, role of biochemistry on corrosion inhibition and possibilities of corrosion inhibition by various microbes are discussed. The role of bacteria on current demand during cathodic protection is also debated. In addition, some of the significant contributions made by CECRI in this promising area are highlighted.